Abstract
Aim: Electronic cigarette (e-cigarette) plays an important role in preventing smoking-induced diseases.
However, the majority of people are not aware of e-cigarette. The present study attempts to characterise
awareness of e-cigarette in the overall Malaysian population and to explore its associated factors.
Materials and methods: The data is obtained from the Global Adult Tobacco Survey (GATS). The survey
consists of a large sample size (n ¼ 4176). In order to examine sociodemographic differences in the
likelihood of being aware of e-cigarette, multivariable logistic regressions stratified by ethnic groups are
used.
Results: Age, gender, education, ethnicity and cigarette smoking are independently associated with
awareness of e-cigarette. Older individuals display a lower likelihood of being aware of e-cigarette than
younger individuals (aOR: 0.977). Males are more likely to be aware of e-cigarette than females (aOR:
2.537). A lower likelihood of being aware of e-cigarette is reported by individuals with primary-level
(aOR: 0.173) and secondary-level education (aOR: 0.389). Awareness of e-cigarette is higher among
smokers (aOR: 1.438).
Conclusion: Considering the sociodemographic variations in awareness of e-cigarette, policy makers
should develop an intervention measure in efforts to provide people with more information on ecigarette
with a focus on those who likely to be unaware of e-cigarette.
Keywords:
Awareness, e-cigarette, education, ethnicity Smoking
References
1World Health Organization. Tobacco Fact Sheet; 2018. http://www.who.int/en/ news-room/fact-sheets/detail/tobacco. Accessed June 25, 2018.
2Lemmens V, Oenema A, Knut IK, Brug J. Effectiveness of smoking cessation interventions among adults: a systematic review of reviews. Eur J Cancer Prev. 2008;17(6):535e544.
3Tashkin DP, Murray RP. Smoking cessation in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Respir Med. 2009;103(7):963e974.
4Tashkin DP. Smoking cessation in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Semin Respir Crit Care Med. 2015;36(4):491e507.
5Hughes JR, Keely J, Naud S. Shape of the relapse curve and long-term abstinence among untreated smokers. Addiction. 2004;99(1):29e38.
6Fagerstrom K, Eissenberg T. Dependence on tobacco and nicotine products: a case for product-specific assessment. Nicotine Tob Res. 2012;14(11): 1382e1390.
7Hartmann-Boyce J, Begh R, Aveyard P. Electronic cigarettes for smoking cessation. BMJ. 2018:360.
8Fagerstrom KO, Bridgman K. Tobacco harm reduction: the need for new products that can compete with cigarettes. Addict Behav. 2014;39(3):507e511.
9Baker RR. Smoke generation inside a burning cigarette: modifying combustion to develop cigarettes that may be less hazardous to health. Prog Energy Combust Sci. 2006;32(4):373e385.
10Farsalinos KE, Polosa R. Safety evaluation and risk assessment of electronic cigarettes as tobacco cigarette substitutes: a systematic review. Ther Adv Drug Saf. 2014;5(2):67e86.
11Adriaens K, Gucht DV, Declerck P, Baeyens F. Effectiveness of the electronic cigarette: an eight-week Flemish study with six-month follow-up on smoking reduction, craving and experienced benefits and complaints. Int J Environ Res Public Health. 2014;11(11):11220e11248.
12Polosa R, Caponnetto P, Morjaria JB, et al. Effect of an electronic nicotine delivery device (e-Cigarette) on smoking reduction and cessation: a prospective 6-month pilot study. BMC Public Health. 2011;11(786).
13Glasser AM, Collins L, Pearson JL, et al. Overview of electronic nicotine delivery systems: a systematic review. Am J Prev Med. 2017;52(2):33e66.
14Goh YH, Dujaili JA, Blebil AQ, Ahmed SI. Awareness and use of electronic cigarettes: perceptions of health science programme students in Malaysia. Health Educ J. 2017;76(8):1000e1008.
15Institute for Public Health. Report of the Global Adult Tobacco Survey (GATS) Malaysia 2011. Putrajaya: Ministry of Health Malaysia; 2012.
16StataCorp. Stata Statistical Software: Release 13.1. College Station, TX: Stata Corporation; 2013.
17Carpenter BD, Zoller SM, Balsis S, Otilingam PG, Gatz M. Demographic and contextual factors related to knowledge about Alzheimer's disease. Am J Alzheimers Dis Dement. 2011;26(2):121e126.
18Yardley C, Glover C, Allen-Mersh TG. Demographic factors associated with knowledge of colorectal cancer symptoms in a UK population-based survey. Ann R Coll Surg Engl. 2000;82(3):205e209.
19Gelaw SM. Socioeconomic factors associated with knowledge on tuberculosis among adults in Ethiopia. Tuberc Res Treat. 2016;1. Article 6207457.
20Mullen E. Health literacy challenges in the aging population. Nurs Forum. 2013;48(4):248e255.
21Cheah YK. The determinants of being cigarette smoker: an exploratory study in Penang, Malaysia. Int J Bus Soc. 2012;13(3):245e254.
22Cheah YK, Naidu BM. Exploring factors influencing smoking behaviour in Malaysia. Asian Pac J Cancer Prev APJCP. 2012;13(4):1125e1130.
23Parmenter K, Waller J, Wardle J. Demographic variation in nutrition knowledge in England. Health Educ Res. 2000;15(2):163e174.
24Angeles-Llerenas A, Carbajal-Sanchez N, Allen B, Zamora-Munoz S, Lazcano- Ponce E. Gender, body mass index and socio-demographic variables associated with knowledge about type 2 diabetes mellitus among 13293 Mexican students. Acta Diabetol. 2005;42(1):36e45.
25Cheah YK. Socioeconomic determinants of health enhancing expenditure among the elderly in Malaysia: an ethnic comparison. J Ekon Mal. 2015;49(1): 93e102.
26Siahpush M, McNeill A, Hammond D, Fong GT. Socioeconomic and country variations in knowledge of health risks of tobacco smoking and toxic constituents of smoke: results from the 2002 International Tobacco Control (ITC) Four Country Survey. Tobac Contr. 2006;15(S3). iii65-iii70.
27Finney Rutten LJ, Augustson EM, Moser RP, Beckjord EB, Hesse BW. Smoking knowledge and behavior in the United States: sociodemographic, smoking status, and geographic patterns. Nicotine Tob Res. 2008;10(10): 1559e1570.
28Cheah YK, Teh CH, Lim HK. Factors associated with second-hand smoke awareness in Malaysia. Proc Sing Healthcare. 2018;27(3):148e156.
29Steil AK, Lorenzo L, Sydeman SJ. Demographic variables are associated with knowledge, attitudes, and preventive behaviors related to environmental tobacco smoke. Nicotine Tob Res. 2010;12(6):674e678.
30Amirul Islam FM, Chakrabarti R, Islam SZ, Finger RP, Critchley C. Factors associated with awareness, attitudes and practices regarding common eye diseases in the general population in a rural district in Bangladesh: the Bangladesh Population-based Diabetes and Eye Study (BPDES). PLoS One. 2015;10(7). e0133043.
31Amin AM, Mostafa H, Sarriff A. Factors associated with the general public knowledge and awareness of cardiovascular diseases and its risk factors in Penang e Malaysia. IOSR J Pharm. 2014;4(6):21e27.
32Van der pol M. Health, education and time preference. Health Econ. 2011;20(8): 917e929.